GERUND AND INFINITIVE

1. Gerund is a noun formed from verbs that are given a suffix -ing.

 We can use   Gerund as "Subject", "Complement", or "Object" in a sentence

example:

1. Reading makes me happy. as “Subjek”
2. Hera’s hobby is reading. as “Komplemen”
3. My father really likes reading. as “Objek”

·         gerund can change shape to negative bye adding “not”

    example:

1. Henree enjoys not working.
2. The best thing for our hearts is not smoking.

2. Infinitive is "to" which is added to the verb (Verb). Just like Gerund, Infinitive can be used as "Subject", "Object", and "Complement" from a sentence.Contoh:

1. To learn is so important for everyone. as “Subjek”
2. The most important thing in the world is to learn. as  “Komplemen”
3. Henra always wants to learn. as “Objek”

·         Infinitive  can change shape to negative bye adding “not”

     exampel

1. They decided not to go last night.
2. The most important thing in life is not to give up.

3. Gerund and Infinitive can be used as the subject or complement of a sentence. However, if it is positioned as a subject or complement / complement, gerund usually sounds more general in English, whereas infinitive is rarely used in these two positions or even more abstract. In the examples below, gerund sounds more natural and is more commonly used in everyday language than infinitive. The use of Infinitive in everyday language means more possibilities or potential for something more philosophical. If this seems confusing, just remember that 90% of nouns or complements derived from verbs use Gerund.

Example:

1. Learning is so important for everyone. Subjects that appear normal
2. To learn is so important for everyone. Abstract subject / not commonly used
3. The most important thing in our lives is learning. Complements that appear normal

4.    The most important thing in our lives is to learn. Extract supplements are not commonly used

·         Gerund or Infinitive as objects in a sentence tend to be more difficult. In certain situations Gerund and the Infinitive cannot replace each other because usually in this case the verb (verb) determines whether we must use Gerund or Invinitive.

example:

1. He enjoys reading. "Enjoy" folowed gerund.
2. He wants to come. "Want"followed infinitive.

·         Some verbs are followed by gerund as an object.

a)    List of verbs (verb) that must be followed by gerund as an object

b)    1. Must be followed by gerund

c)    2. Followed by gerund or a noun + an infinitive

d)    3. Followed by gerund or infinitive with different meanings

e)    4. Followed by gerund or infinitive with meaning that is almost the same

Admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, begin, can't bear, can't help, can't see, can't stand, cease, complete, consider, continue, defend, delay, deny, despise, discuss, dislike, don't mind, dread, encourage, enjoy, finish, forget, hate, imagine, involve, keep, like, love, mention, mind, miss, need, neglect, permit, postpone, practice, prefer, propose, quit, recall, recollect, recommend, regret, remember, report, require, resent, resist, risk, start, stop, suggest, tolerate, try, understand, urge.

Contoh:

1. My mother suggested studying seriously.
2. Mary keeps talking about the secret.

·         Some verbs are followed by infinitive as an object.

a)    List of verbs (verb) that the infinitive must follow as an object

b)    1. The infinitive must be followed

c)    2. Followed by infinitive or a noun + an infinitive

d)    3. Followed by gerund or infinitive with different meanings

e)    4. Followed by gerund or infinitive with almost the same meaning

Agree, appear, arrange, ask, begin, can't bear, can't stand, care, cease, choose, claim, continue, decide, demand, deserve, dread, expect, fail, forget, get (be allowed to), happen, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, need, need, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, swear, tend, threaten, try, vow, wait, want, wish, would like, (meaning "wish" or "want"), yearn

Contoh:

1. She wants to buy a new car.
2. Mary needs to talk about her boyfriend.

·         Determining the gerund or infinitive form that must be used when following a particular verb is indeed sometimes difficult, especially for those of us who have just learned English. In addition, gerund and infinitive also often have different meanings so we have to look at the differences in the food if we want to use the gerund or infinitive correctly. Consider some examples of the different meanings of the gerund and infinitive below:

Begin	begin" in non-continuous tenses, you can use gerund or infinitive.	begin "in continuous tenses, the infinitive must be followed
Dread	Usually "dread" is followed by gerund.	"Dread" is usually followed by an infinitive if it meets the verb "think" or "consider."
Forget	"forget" followed by gerund, means "forgetting that you have done something. (Past)	forget" followed by infinitive, means "forget that you have to do something in the future. (Future))
Keep	“Keep" with gerund means you continue / continue to do an activity.	"Keep" can be followed by an + infinitive object, in this context the invinitive will mean "order".
Need	(The house needs cleaning.) "Need" followed by gerund if the subject is an object / if the sentence means passive	(He needs to call his boss.) "Need" followed by the infinitive or object + an infinitive if the subject is a person.
Regret	Regret" is normally followed by gerund.	"Regret" is usually followed by an infinitive "to inform."
remember	"remember" followed by gerund means remembering something that has been done (Past).	"remember" followed by the infinitive means remembering something that must be done in the future (Future).
Start	"start" in non-continuous tenses, you can use gerund or infinitive	"start" in continuous tenses, the infinitive must be followed. In other situations, using the infinitive in this verb means that you have not finished what you have started.
stop	"Stop" is normally followed by gerund.	If the "stop" is followed by an infinitive, then the infinitive means that / to do other activities
try	"Try + gerund" means trying an experiment with another method, or trying to do something but you don't want to do it again	try to do" you want to do it but you don't succeed. Infinitive in this context also tells you to have someone do something, but they cannot solve it. .

·         Gerund can often be clarified by possessive pronouns such as possessiveness such as his, her, its, your, their, our, John's, Mary's, the machine's, and so on. This clarifies who or what did the action revealed with Gerund.

Example:

I enjoyed his singing. He was singing.

1. She doesn't understand his talking. He talked unclearly.
2. Sam resented Debora's coming late to the party. Debora came late to the party.
3. We discussed the machine's being broken. The machine is broken.

·         The verb "go" is usually followed by Gerund (go + gerund) to express words about sports and other recreational activities.

Example:

I go fishing every weekend.

1. Would you ever go snowboarding?

·         Some verbs are followed by a noun (Noun) and Infinitive. In some situations, the existence of nouns that exist before the Infinitive is necessary but in other situations the existence of the noun is not required.

List of verbs followed by nouns (Noun) + an Infinitive

1. Must be followed by a noun + an infinitive

2. Can be followed by gerund or a noun + an infinitive (so there is no obligation)

3. Can be followed by an infinitive or a noun + an infinitive (so there is no obligation)

advise, allow, cause, convince, enable, encourage, force, get (cause to), hire, invite, order, permit, remind, require, tell, urge, warn, ask, choose, expect, need, prepare, promise, threaten, want, wish, would like

example:

1. The man ordered son to study. There must be no nouns

2. She asked to come in time. There is no obligation for nouns

3. She asked him to come in time. There is no obligation for nouns

·         Gerund is used after prepositions such as for, on, in, at, to, after, about, etc. not Infinitive. Usually this preposition appears along with the verb (Phrasal Verb) for example look forward to, look up to, add up to, give up, etc. What needs to be remembered, prepositions "to" sometimes appear like infinitive, but we must be able to understand that "to" which serves as a preposition must be followed by gerund.

Example:

1. They admitted to committing the crime.
2. Leslie made up for forgetting my birthday.
3. He is thinking about studying abroad.

·         Keep in mind that in English, there are many adjectives that always appear with certain prepositions as well as some nouns (Noun) which are always followed by certain prepositions. The two combinations must also be followed by Gerund. Easily, we only need to remember that each preposition, if followed by a verb, must be in the form of Gerund. But if you want to remember which combination of noun / adjective + presposition is usually followed by gerund, consider the table below.

Adjective + Preposition Combination List Followed by Gerunds

accustomed to, addicted to, afraid of, anxious about, bored of, capable of, committed to, concerned about, content with, dedicated to, devoted to, disappointed with, discouraged by, excited about, famous for, fond of, frightened of, guilty of, happy about, interested in, involved in, known for, opposed to, proud of, remembered for, responsible for, scared of, terrified of, tired from, tired of, worried about

The Noun + Preposition Combination List Followed by Gerunds

addiction to, advantage of, anxiety about, belief in, credit for, dedication to, delay in, devotion to, disadvantage of, experience in, fear of, fondness for, habit of, interest in, knowledge of, love of, memory of, preference for, process of, reaction to, reason for, regret for, report on, reputation for, responsibility for, story about, talent for

example:

1. Riko is scared of driving. adjective + preposition
2. Nickie is anxious about facing the final exam. adjective + preposition
3. Her interest in becoming a volunteer was well known. noun + preposition
4. Thomas' story about seeing a was really exciting. noun + preposition

TENSES

Kinds of tenses :

1)      Present Tenses

Simple present tenses is used to express actions that are repetitive or unchanging. The action can be a habit, hobby, repetitive event, emotion, or desire. Simple gifts are not used to express the actions that are happening now.

Formula : Subject + verb-1 + (s/es)

Example : I live in Bengkulu

2)      Present Continuous Tenses

Present Continous Tenses serves to express ongoing actions. The present continuous tense form is used to indicate that something is happening or is about to happen soon.

Formula : Subject + to be + verb-ing.

Example : Dian  is taking math classes at the university.

3)      Present Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect Tenses used to express events that occur at times starting in the past and continuing to the present. This sentence form can also function to express an influential event at this time. We can say that the present perfect tense is a relationship between the past and the present.

Formula : Subject + have/has +Verb-3 + O/Adv

Example : I have lived in Depok for two years.

4)      Present Perfect Continuous Tenses

The Present perfect continuous tenses  functions to talk about an action or situation that is taking place before several other actions or situations. This tense refers to actions that began in the past and still continue to this day.

Formula : Subject + have/has + been + Present Participle (V1-ing)

Example : The toddlers have been playing a ball for an hour.

5)      Simple Past Tenses

Simple past tenses is used to express past events or jobs that have been completed. The work or event may take place in a long time or not and may occur one after another in sequence.

Formula : S + Verb-2 (past tense)
I/You/We/They + were
He/She/it + was

Example : Yuda went to Bali yesterday

6)      Past Continuous Tenses

Past continuous tenses serves to show something happened over a period of time. This form of sentence is used to express something that happened before now and is still ongoing today.

Formula : S + be (was/were) + Present Participle (V-ing) + O

Example : Roni was studying English

7)      Past Future Tenses

Past future tenses is an action / event that is planned and promised in the future at the time that has passed.

Formula : S + Should/Would + bare infinitive

Example : I said I would not forgive him.

8)      Past Perfect Tenses

Past perfect tenses is an expression to emphasize that work or circumstances in the past have been done before other work began in the past.

Formula : S + Had + V-3 + O

Example : Indah said she had not already seen this film.

9)      Past Perfect Continuous Tenses

Past perfect continuous tenses is a verb form that is used to talk about an ongoing activity or situation before several other activities or situations.

Formula : S + had + been + Present Participle (V-ing) + O

Example : The labors had been demonstrating for an hour when the manager came.

10)   Simple Future Tenses

Simple future tenses adalah bentuk verb yang digunakan untuk merujuk ke waktu yang akan datang. Simple future tense memiliki dua bentuk:, yaitu: “will + verb” dan “to be + going to verb“. Keduanya mengacu pada waktu tertentu di masa depan.\

Formula : S + will/shall + V-1 + O

Example : He will send You a letter next week.

11)  Future Continuous Tenses

Future continuous tenses is a sentence that is useful to show that we will be doing something in the time specified in the future.

Formula : S + will + be + (V1+ing) + O/Adv

Example : Will you be coming home?

12)  Future Perfect Tenses

Future perfect tenses is a form of verb to express a situation that will last for a certain period of time at a definite time in the future.

Formula : Subject + will + have + Verb-3

Example : She will have left work at 3.35 pm.

13)  Future Perfect Continuous Tenses

Future perfect continuous tenses is a form of tense that is used to express an activity that will be carried out before a certain period of time, before or until the deadline in the future.

Formula : S + Will / Shall + Have + Been + V1-ing + O + Since / For + Description of Time

Example : I shall have been sleeping under the sky since 9 P.M.

14)  Past Future Perfect Tenses

The future perfect tenses past is a form of karja that functions to express ideas or actions in the past where the action is planned, promised or has been carried out before a certain time in the future from the perspective of the past.

Formula : S + would/should + have + V-3/past participle

Example : She would have seen the car accident on the street.